|
Healthcare
and Lab
Diagnostic Newsletter
สาระข่าวสารความรู้เรื่องสุขภาพ
การตรวจวินิจฉัยโรคทางแล็ป
Lab Test
Descriptions
รายละเอียดและประโยชน์
ในการตรวจแล็ปแต่ละชนิด
|
Thyroid
Markers Test |
TSH
Thyroid
Stimulating
Hormone |
T3
Triiodothyronine(T3) |
T4
Total
Thyroxine (T4) |
freeT4
Free
Thyroxine (fT4) |
 วิธีทดสอบ/วินิจฉัยทางแล็ป
(
ห้องปฏิบัติการชันสูตร )
Reference
test procedure
โรคและกลุ่มอาการที่สนใจ
และสอบถามรายละเอียดมาก
- โรคของนักธุรกิจ
- โรคที่ไม่ติดต่อ
- โรคของผู้สูงอายุ
-
การดูแลเมื่อเข้าสู่วัยทอง
ิ -
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ชมรมเรารักสุขภาพ
We subscribe to the
HONcode principle of
the Health on the
Net Foundation
|
Lab Test
Descriptions
รายละเอียดและประโยชน์ในการตรวจแล็ป
|
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|
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|
|
Understanding
Your Test Results
The following is a brief synopsis of the blood
screening tests. It is intended only for your
information and should not be used for
diagnosis or interpretation. Questions should
be directed to your physician.
เข้าใจเรื่องการตรวจเลือดทางห้องปฏิบัติการ(ห้องแล็ป)
รายละเอียดต่อไปนี้เป็นข้อมูลช่วยให้ท่านเข้าใจถึงความหมายของการทาสอบเลือดในแต่ละชนิดว่า
ตรวจไปเพื่ออะไร
ไม่ใช่เพื่อให้ท่านสามารถนำไปแปลผลการตรวจเพื่อการวินิจฉัยโรคเอง
แต่ช่วยให้ท่านพอมีความรู้ความเข้าใจสามารถ
สื่อสารและสอบถามกับแพทย์ได้อย่างดีมากยิ่งขึ้น
Early detection is the best
defense. Serious medical conditions such as
heart disease, cancer and diabetes can dwell
in a patients system for long periods of
time without them ever being the wiser. But by
taking charge of their own health through
routine clinical testing, individuals can
prevent disease and increase their chances of
reversing potential problem areas. Experts
contend, however, that due to a misdirected
health care focus, this task is not always
carried out.
ประโยชน์ของการตรวจเลือดทางห้องแล็ป
มีประโยชน์อย่างมากในทางป้องกันดูแลรักษาสุขภาพของเราเอง
แทนที่จะรอให้เจ็บป่วยแล้วจึงไปรักษา
ก็เปลี่ยนมาเป็นการตรวจค้นหาเพื่อป้องกันแต่เนิ่นๆจะให้ผลดีโดยรวม
มากกว่า
เราสามารถนำผลการตรวจอย่างต่อเนื่องมาช่วยในการแปลผลของสุขภาพร่างกายของเราเอง
โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งโรคอันตรายประเภทฉับพลันเช่นโรคหัวใจ
โรคมะเร็งและโรคเบาหวาน
เป็นต้น
โรคเหล่านี้
หากตรวจพบแต่เนิ่นๆ
จะช่วยในการรักษาได้เป็นอย่างมาก
เช่นในอดีตกว่ามาพบแพทย์มักจะเป็นระยะที่3-4
แล้ว
ทำให้การรักษาช่วยมักไม่ค่อยได้ผล
แต่การตรวจทางแล็ปในปัจจุบันช่วยให้เราค้นพบแต่เนิ่นๆทำให้การรักษาค่อน
ข้างได้ผลดีสามารถหายกลับเป็นปกติดังเดิม
เป็นต้น
top
| Glucose |
| Measures
blood sugar-elevated levels
associated with diabetes.
Glucose is a six-carbon sugar
that is the main source of
energy for all of the cells in
the body. The rate at which it
is metabolized is controlled
by insulin, which is secreted
by the pancreas. Elevated
fasting levels of glucose
(>109 mg/dl) may be an
early sign of diabetes or
could indicate other problems
such as hyperthyroidism. Low
levels (hypoglycemia) could
indicate too much insulin in
the blood. |
|
| Fluids
and Electrolytes |
| Electrolytes
are positive and negative ions
that exist in the
intracellular and
extracellular fluids. They
regulate osmolality, state of
hydration and pH. Also,
electrolyte gradients are
maintained by cells and are
important to the function of
nervous tissue and activities
of skeleton and heart muscle. |
|
| Chloride,
Serum |
| Similar
to sodium, it helps to
maintain the body's
electrolyte balance. Almost
never found out of normal
range alone, this element
usually fluctuates with
elevated or decreased levels
of sodium or potassium.
Borderline levels have little
clinical significance. |
|
| Potassium |
| Helps
to control the nerves and
muscles. This element helps in
regulating the electrical
activity of all muscles. It
also affects the acid-base and
fluid levels in the body.
Elevated levels could indicate
kidney disease. Low levels can
cause muscle weakness and
heart problems. Certain drugs
and supplements can cause
fluctuations in potassium
levels so it is important to
discuss the medications taken
with the doctor (for example
diuretics could cause low
potassium levels). |
|
| Sodium,
Serum |
| One
of the major salts in the body
fluid; sodium is important in
the body's water balance and
the electrical activity of
nerves and muscles. As one of
the four major electrolytes
Sodium (Na) is necessary in
the maintenance of the body's
water balance, the acid-base
balance, and the electrical
activity of nerves and
muscles. Elevated levels could
be caused by not drinking
enough water or by too much
salt intake. Fluid loss from
dehydration, vomiting or
diarrhea could cause low
sodium levels. |
|
| Kidney |
| The
major functions of the kidney
are 1) elimination of
metabolic waste, 2) regulation
of the internal fluid
environment and 3) production
of hormones. Any of these
functions may be used to
assess the renal status. The
routine biochemical assessment
of kidney function includes
determination of serum levels
of the waste products, urea,
creatinine and uric acids. |
|
| Blood
Urea Nitrogen (BUN) |
| A
by-product of protein
metabolism eliminated through
the kidneys. Elevated levels
could be caused by many
factors such as dehydration,
blood loss, Urinary Tract
Infections, congestive heart
failure, GI bleeding, or
improperly functioning
kidneys. Decreased levels
could be influenced by liver
disease, too much water
intake, a low protein-high
carbohydrate diet, or
pregnancy. |
|
| Creatinine,
Serum |
| Elevated
levels could indicate
deterioration of kidney
function. Excreted by the
kidneys, Creatinine is the
product of the breakdown of
creatinine, which helps to
contract skeletal muscle.
Malnutrition, dehydration, or
liver function has little
influence on Creatinine levels
(unlike BUN). Elevated levels
may indicate chronic kidney
disease or an obstruction of
the urinary tract. A low
Creatinine level is often
present in muscular dystrophy. |
|
| Uric
acid |
| Another
by-product of protein
metabolism eliminated through
the kidneys. Uric acid is an
indicator of kidney function. |
|
| Bun/Creatinine
Ratio |
| Calculated
by dividing the BUN by the
Creatinine. This ratio is
important if BUN (Blood Urea
Nitrogen) is high to narrow
down the cause. If BUN is
elevated this ratio, which
compares the BUN level in the
blood to the Creatinine level,
can help distinguish between a
possible kidney problem or if
the cause is something like
dehydration or blood loss into
the gut. |
|
| Liver |
| More
than 500 of the liver's
functions have been
identified. Some of its major
functions are producing bile
by liver cells; processing
glucose, proteins, vitamins,
fats, and most of the other
compounds used by the body;
producing hemoglobin for vital
use of its iron content in red
blood cells; and converting
poisonous ammonia to urea. The
liver cells also render
harmless numerous substances,
such as alcohol, nicotine, and
other poisons, as well as
various harmful substances
produced by the intestine. The
liver contains cells called
hepatocytes, which produce
many different proteins. Some
of these are enzymes and
others are transport proteins.
The activity of several
enzymes, the concentrations of
several proteins and
substances synthesized or
stored by the liver are used
to estimate the status of the
liver. The biochemical
assessment also evaluates the
integrity of hepatocyte
organelles and membranes, the
ability of the liver to
manufacture or convert various
compounds and the ability to
secrete bile. |
|
| Alanine
aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) |
| An
enzyme found primarily in the
liver. Abnormalities may
represent liver disease. |
|
| Albumin,
serum |
| One
of the major proteins in the
blood and a reflection of the
general state of nutrition.
Approximately two-thirds of
the total protein found
circulating in the blood,
albumin is important in
maintaining water inside the
blood vessels. If water leaks
out into the other areas of
the body there can be
swelling. This protein is
produced by the liver and is
normally secreted into the
blood in large amounts.
Decreased levels of albumin
could be caused by liver
disease, too much water in the
body, kidney disease, severe
injury such as burns or major
bone fractures, malnutrition,
or slow bleeding over a long
period of time. |
|
| Albumin/Globulin
ratio |
| Calculated
by dividing the albumin by the
globulin. |
|
| Alkaline
phosphatase |
| A
body protein important in
diagnosing proper bone and
liver functions. |
|
| Aspartate
aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) |
| An
enzyme found in skeletal and
heart muscle, liver and other
organs. Abnormalities may
represent liver disease. |
|
| Bilirubin,
Total |
| A
chemical involved with liver
functions. High concentrations
may result in jaundice.
Produced in the breakdown of
red blood cells, elevated
levels could indicate liver
disease. During the breakdown
of hemoglobin (red blood
cells) Bilirubin is produced
in the spleen and is
transported to the liver for
excretion by attaching to the
blood protein albumin.
Bilirubin is the orange-yellow
pigment that creates the
yellow tint in the plasma or
serum of the blood. |
|
| Gamma
Glutamyl transferase (GGTP) |
| An
enzyme which can be an early
indicator of liver
abnormalities. It is highly
sensitive to recent ingestion
of alcohol. |
|
| Globulin,
Total |
| A
major group of proteins in the
blood comprising the infection
fighting antibodies. Composed
of about 60 different proteins
(such as alpha, beta, and
gamma globulin) globulins help
the body fight infections and
some play a major role in the
clotting and unclotting of
blood. Due to the number of
different globulins found in
this group, elevated or
decreased levels may indicate
the need for further testing
of the individual proteins. |
|
| Lactate
Dehydrogenase (LDH) |
| An
enzyme found mostly in the
heart, muscles, liver, kidney,
brain, and red blood cells.
When an organ of the body is
damaged, LDH is released in
greater quantity into the
blood stream. |
|
| Total
Protein |
| A
general figure--out of normal
range may indicate the need
for further testing. As the
sum of the albumin and
globulin figures, the total
protein value reflects on the
body's general nutritional
state. Level fluctuations
aren't necessarily indicative
of disease but the possible
need for further testing. |
|
| Bone
and Mineral |
| Minerals
are extremely important
micronutrients essential for
health. Essential minerals
function in numerous metabolic
reactions and play a major
role in antioxidant defenses.
These micronutrients are
involved in wound healing,
immunity, cancer protection,
glucose metabolism, protein
synthesis, nucleic acid
function and hormone
activities. Bone is a dynamic
tissue constantly remodeled
throughout life. The structure
of bone consists of a solid
mineral phase in close
association with an organic
matrix of mainly collagen. The
mineral phase is made up of
largely calcium and phosphate. |
|
| Iron,
Total |
| An
abnormally low-test result may
indicate iron deficiency
anemia. |
|
| Iron
Binding Capacity |
| Used
to refine the body's iron
status; iron is important for
proper metabolism of red blood
cells. Magnesium - can be used
to assess nutritional status
and diagnose calcium related
disorders. |
|
| Calcium |
| A
mineral essential for
development and maintenance of
healthy bones and teeth. It is
important also for the normal
function of muscles, nerves
and blood clotting. This test
cannot be used as an indicator
of osteoporosis. While almost
all of the calcium in the body
is found in bone, the small
amount that is found in the
blood is important for the
proper function of nerves,
muscles, enzymes, and blood
clotting. Elevated levels
could be caused by excess
intake of vitamin D, excess
intake of antacids and milk
(which often can be seen in
people with ulcers), bone
disease, and hyper-parathyroidism.
(Responsible for the
maintenance of an equilibrium
state, the parathyroid gland
is the chief regulator of
calcium.) Decreased levels of
calcium are often associated
with malnutrition. |
|
| Phosphorus |
| Together
with calcium, it is essential
for healthy development of
bones and teeth. Associated
with hormone imbalance, bone
disease and kidney disease. It
is found mainly in bones and
teeth. NOTE: a temporary drop
in phosphorus level can be
seen after a meal. |
|
| Thyroid |
| The
thyroid gland synthesizes,
stores and releases hormones.
The hormones secreted are
iodine containing amino acids,
Thyroxine
(T4) and
Trilodothyronine
(T3) Uptake. The
thyroid hormones influence a
diversity of metabolic
processes. These tests help to
evaluate thyroid hormones that
control the body's metabolic
rate. |
|
| TSH,
High Sensitivity |
| Today,
most doctors prefer the
thyroid stimulating hormone.
Symptoms of an underactive
thyroid are fatigue, weight
gain, depression, dry skin and
muscle cramps. An overactive
thyroid are ffatigue, weight
loss, anxiety, heart
palpitatins and rapid pulse. |
|
| Homocysteine |
| This
amino acid is an intermedial
metabolite for two pathways in
the body. Studies suggest that
it plays a critical role in
destroying the lining of
artery walls, accelerating the
build-up of scar tissue, and
promoting the formation of
blood clots. Elevated levels
are strong indicators for
myocardial infarction, stroke,
and artheroscherosis, as well
as venous thrombosis,
rheumatoid arthritis,
miscarriages, and diabetes. |
|
| Cardio
C - Reactive Protein |
| A
substance in the blood that
indicates the presence of
inflammation, high levels may
warn of a heart attack in
advance. Cardio (also specific
or high sensitivity)
C-Reactive Protein is a marker
of inflammation to the blood
vessels and a strong predictor
of risk for future myocardial
infarctions. |
|
| Prostate
Specific Antigen (PSA) |
| Prostate
specific antigen (PSA), is a
protein made only in the
prostate gland. PSA is
produced by normal, abnormal
and cancerous prostatic
tissue. Some of it leaks into
the blood and the PSA blood
test is an accurate measure of
this amount. The theory is
that cancer causes more of the
protein to be made and leaked
into the blood than normal
prostate tissue, so PSA is now
used for assisting in the
diagnosis and monitoring of
prostatic carcinoma. A
non-cancerous, abnormally
enlarged prostate (called
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
or BPH) can also produce
elevations of PSA. BPH is
called benign to distinguish
it from cancer, not to imply
that it isn't troublesome. PSA
can also be elevated following
a digital exam or during an
infection. PSA level needs to
be considered in light of
several factors including age,
race, the presence of BPH or
infection, and overall medical
condition. The higher the
number the more likely cancer
is present. Below 2 is
generally considered to
indicate that cancer is
unlikely. Between 2-5 whether
to worry depends on personal
"style" of the
physician and the other
factors listed above. Above 10
is very suggestive of cancer,
but nothing is absolute. PSA
above 4 at age 40 should
attract your attention and
definitely see your doctor if
you are above 4 at age 50.
Occasionally, normal PSA
values can be found in men
with biopsy-proven prostatic
carcinoma. In those cases, the
other well-known protein of
prostatic origin, prostatic
acid phosphatase (PAP), may be
monitored. Some people have
proposed that the rate of
increase in PSA can be
monitored to help distinguish
BPH from prostate cancer. The
theory is that cancer grows
faster than BPH and thus the
PSA will rise faster as well.
Certainly a 2-point rise in
PSA in a six-month period
should attract some attention
at any age. |
|
| Cardiovascular
Lipids |
| The
status of the cardiovascular
system is generally evaluated
by measuring lipids and their
derivatives. Total cholesterol
is a marker of risk for
coronary heart disease.
Cholesterol exists in
different complex forms such
as high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
and low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
An increased ratio of HDL to
total cholesterol is believed
to favor well-being.
Triglycerides are important
neutral fats found in tissue
and blood. Triglycerides
containing lipoproteins may
also contribute to
dysfunctions relating to
coronary heart disease. |
|
| Cholesterol,
Total |
| A
sterol in the blood. Knowing
your cholesterol may be as
important as knowing your
blood pressure. Elevated
cholesterol is associated with
an increasing risk of coronary
heart disease. |
|
| HDL-Cholesterol |
| High-density
lipoproteins are believed to
take cholesterol away from
cells and transport it back to
the liver for processing or
removal. They have become
known as the "good"
cholesterol as persons with
high levels of HDL may have
less heart disease. Low HDL
could be the result of smoking
and lack of exercise. |
|
| LDL-Cholesterol |
| Low-density
lipoproteins contain the
greatest percentage of
cholesterol and may be
responsible for depositing
cholesterol on the artery
walls. For that reason, they
could be known as the
"bad" cholesterol. |
|
| Cholesterol/HDL
Ratio |
| Calculated
by dividing the total
cholesterol by the HDL. Ratio
used by physicians in
determining your relative risk
for developing cardiovascular
heart disease. |
|
| Triglycerides |
| Triglycerides
is a fat in the blood
responsible for providing
energy to the cells of the
body. Triglycerides should be
less than 400 mg/dl even in a
non-fasting state. |
|
| Complete
Blood Count (CBC's) |
| The
complete blood count (CBC) is
an analysis of blood cells and
coagulation. The basic
examination of blood includes
analysis of the concentration,
structure and function of the
different blood cells. Three
populations of cells normally
present in the blood are
erythrocytes (red blood cells,
RBC), leukocytes (white blood
cells, WBC, and thrombocytes
(platelets). Cell counts of
erythrocytes (red blood
cells), leukocytes (white
blood cells) and platelets are
expressed as concentrations
per unit volume of blood. The
RBC's and platelets are
relatively uniform populations
in cell type and
concentration. The WBC,
however, represents a diverse
population consisting of
granulocytes (neutrophils,
eosinophils, and basophils),
monocytes and lymphocytes. The
function of all the blood cell
populations is essential to
normal life. |
|
| Basophils |
| The
results of this and
eosinophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes and neutrophils deal
with white blood cell
function. Important to the
body's defense against
infection and in the
assessment of nutritional
status. |
|
| Eosinophils |
| The
results of this and basophils,
lymphocytes, monocytes and
neutrophils deal with white
blood cell function. Important
to the body's defense against
infection and in the
assessment of nutritional
status. |
|
| Hematocrit |
| Measures
the volume of red cells that
transports oxygen through the
blood stream to all cells of
the body. Oxygen is needed for
healthy organs. It is an
indicator of the mass of red
blood cells; polycythemia, a
high volume and anemia with
low volume. |
|
| Hemoglobin |
| A
chemical compound inside red
cells that transports oxygen
through the blood stream to
all cells of the body. Oxygen
is needed for healthy organs.
Hemoglobin gives the red color
to blood. |
|
| Lymphocytes |
| The
results of this and basophils,
eosinophils, monocytes and
neutrophils deal with white
blood cell function. Important
to the body's defense against
infection and in the
assessment of nutritional
status. |
|
| Monocytes |
| The
results of this and basophils,
eosinophils, lymphocytes, and
neutrophils deal with white
blood cell function. Important
to the body's defense against
infection. Also important in
the assessment of nutritional
status. |
|
| MCH |
Mean
corpuscular hemoglobin is one
way to measure the average
hemoglobin concentration
within red blood cells, which
varies from normal with
different diseases.
MCHC
-mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration.
MCV -
mean corpuscular volume
measures red blood cell
volume.
Monocytes - important
in the assessment of
nutritional status.
Neutrophils
- the results of this and
basophils, eosinophils,
lymphocytes, and monocytes
deal with white blood cell
function. Important to the
body's defense against
infection. Also important in
the assessment of nutritional
status. |
|
| Platelets |
| Produced
in the bone marrow, these
blood cell particles are
involved with the forming of
blood clots. Platelet count
may be higher in women than
men and may be influenced by
race. An elevated platelet
count could suggest certain
leukemia's, whereas a low
value may suggest bone marrow
disease or anemia. |
|
| RBC |
| Red
blood cells measure the number
of blood cells available to
carry oxygen to all cells. |
|
| RDW |
| The
fourth indices, measures the
variation in red cell size to
determine bleeding disorders. |
|
| WBC |
| White
blood cells are the body's
primary defense against
disease. White blood cells
help fight infection. |
|
| Complete
Urinalysis |
| The
examination of urine to detect
disease is the oldest medical
test, and today is a routine
test which should be part of
every exam. It provides a
wealth of information about
the kidneys and the general
state of health. Included are:
Color,
Odor, Glucose, Protein, pH,
Specific Gravity, Esterase,
Ketones, Occult, Bilirubin,
and Nitrite. |
|
| CA-125 |
| Ovarian
cancer survival is directly
related to its detection
stage. Studies have shown that
the CA-125 may forewarn of
ovarian cancer, as 80% of the
women who have ovarian cancer
have elevated levels of the
serum tumor marker CA-125.
This also means that less than
20% of these women do not have
the marker at all. The rate of
"false positives"
with CA-125 is also high,
which means that this test
alone is inadequate for
screening purposes. It is not
licensed as a complete cancer
screening, and should be
supplemented with your
physician's examination.
However repeat testing of
CA-125 is helpful to observe a
trend. |
|
| CEA
(Carcinoembryonic Antigen) |
| CEA
is a protein that normally
occurs in fetal gut tissue.
After birth, detectable serum
levels essentially disappear.
However, CEA may increase in
the presence of various
disorders such as colon
cancer. This test may also be
used to determine the
responsiveness of cancer
patients to treatment (to
determine if cancer is
spreading or going into
remission). |
|
| CA
15-3 (Carbohydrate Antigen) |
| Blood
test used to investigate
recurrence and spread of
breast cancer. Elevated levels
suggest spread or recurrence.
Often used with CEA and
CA-125. Not used to screen for
breast cancer. |
|
| ABO
Group and Rhesus antigen status (Rh
factor) |
| While
there is no scientific basis
for this idea-and no evidence
has linked blood type to
specific medical
conditions-people are often
curious about their blood type
as a matter of self-knowledge.
Blood type knowledge can be
personally useful when you are
considering giving blood.
While blood donations of all
kinds are always welcome,
sometimes blood banks have a
shortage of a specific blood
type. Knowing your blood type,
you'll be able to respond to
these important appeals. |
|
| FSH
- (Follicle-stimulating hormone) |
| If
you're starting to experience
hot flashes, or any of the
other symptoms associated with
menopause, the
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
test can help predict when you
will actually go through
menopause. It's especially
helpful if you've had a
hysterectomy and don't have
periods to judge your
menopause status by. The test
is done to determine ovarian
failure, which leads to
menopause, and can give you an
idea whether you're ready to
begin hormone-replacement
therapy (HRT). |
|
| Carbon
dioxide |
| CO2
is the major waste product of
normal metabolism. Since the
main route of excretion of Co2
is through the lungs, high
levels are found in those with
breathing difficulties such as
pneumonia or emphysema. |
|
| Estradiol |
| The
most powerful natural
estrogen. High estradiol is
found in certain tumors of the
ovary or adrenal gland, and in
some liver diseases. Low
levels are seen in decreased
functioning of the pituitary
gland or the ovaries. |
|
| DHEA |
| Dehydroepiandosterone
is a hormone produced by the
adrenal gland that causes the
formation of male features.
Blood levels are used to
evaluate infertility,
menstrual abnormalities,
virilization, and to monitor
treatment with drugs that
reduce DHEA levels. It is best
interpreted with other hormone
tests, such as testosterone
and androstenedione. |
|
| ANA |
| Antinuclear
antibodies are found in
diseased often called
autoimmune diseases and
indicate that the immune
system is reacting against the
body's tissues. A positive ANA
will almost always be followed
by other tests designed to
further investigate your
problem. |
|
| Iron
w/TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) |
| Iron
circulates in the blood bound
to proteins, but only a
portion of the total amount of
protein which can bind iron
normally does so. This test
measures the total amount of
iron, the iron binding
capacity, and how much of this
capacity is being used. It is
obtained to evaluate anemia
and nutritional status. |
|
| Progesterone |
| During
pregnancy, progesterone is
produced by the placenta and
is important in maintaining
the pregnancy. Blood levels of
progesterone are used in
infertility evaluations to
confirm the presence of
ovulation, and during
pregnancy to study how well
the placenta is working. It is
also used to monitor the
effectiveness of
medication-induced ovulation. |
|
| Sedimentation
Rate |
| Used
to screen for inflammation,
cancer, and infection. A high
rate is generally taken to
indicate the presence of some
abnormality which needs
further evaluation, where a
normal rate is often held to
indicate the absence of
significant disease. |
|
| Magnesium |
| A
mineral particularly important
to the nerves and muscles.
High magnesium produces muscle
weakness, sweating, and low
blood pressure and is seen in
kidney failure. Low magnesium
symptoms include tremors,
muscle cramps or irregular
heartbeat, and found in
malnutrition, alcoholism,
diabetes, and pregnancy. |
|
| Ferritin |
| A
major storehouse for iron in
the body, this test is used to
evaluate anemia and iron
deficiency seen in low
Ferritin. It is high with
inflammation, infection, liver
disease, and certain cancers
such as leukemia and lymphoma. |
|
| Testosterone,
Total |
| A
hormone manufactured in the
testicles of men in large
amounts, and in the ovaries
and adrenal glands in women in
smaller amounts, most often
used to evaluate virilization
in women and to investigate
abnormal sexual development
and sexual dysfunction in men. |
|
| Hemoglobin
A1C |
| The
hemoglobin A1c test is a
non-fasting, blood test
designed to measure the
percent (%) concentration of
hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in
individuals diagnosed with or
suspected of having diabetes.
The HbA1c test provides a
reliable method to measure
and/or assess the average
level of individual diabetes
control over the past 90 - 120
days. This test is not a
substitute for daily (routine)
blood glucose monitoring. |
|
| IGF-1 |
| Somatomedic-C
(SC) is produced in the liver
in response to stimulation by
growth hormone secreted by the
pituitary gland. This
insulin-like growth factor
level used to evaluate
disturbances of growth and to
monitor treatment with growth
hormone. |
|
| Osteoporosis |
| The
Merck
Manual provides valuable
information on Osteoporosis:
Bone, which are hard and
dense, contain minerals such
as calcium and phosphorus. To
maintain density, the body
requires an adequate supply of
calcium and other minerals. We
must produce the proper
amounts of several hormones as
well, such as parathyroid
hormone, growth hormone,
calcitonin, estrogen (in
women), and testosterone (in
men). Also, an adequate supply
of vitamin D is necessary to
absorb calcium from food and
incorporate it into the bones.
If the body is not able to
regulate the mineral content
in bones, they become less
dense, more fragile, and
resulting osteoporosis. For
more information on other
disorders, see The
Merck Manual of Medical
Information - Home Edition |
|
| H.
Pylori |
| Helicobacter
Pylori is a bacterium found in
the stomachs of those
suffering from ulcers. This
antibody is a blood protein
important to the immune
system. |
|
|
|
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